WIKIPEDIA:
Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation. It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navigators to perform navigation tasks. All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator's position compared to known locations or patterns.
Navigation, in a broader sense, can refer to any skill or study that involves the determination of position and direction. In this sense, navigation includes orienteering and pedestrian navigation.
Google Maps: Google maps is the most well-known map service online offering satellite, terrain and hybrid views, which is a combination of street maps and satellite images. Google maps is compiled by a private company called TeleAtlas and they are world leaders in navigation and location services.
Google maps also run with google earth to coordinate satellite imagery and in updating newly developed areas which have to be updated on databases.
http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/technology-explained-google-maps-work/
Nextr: This app has been developed in Germany and is designed to help people with the use of public transport wherever they are. This app guides you through all the public transport system in Germany, it is still only available in Germany but they are working on having it available in other countries. Nextr allows you to view departure times of various transport systems, it also shows you which stations are closest to you and all the departing times at that particular station. It works pretty similar to Google maps, using your location to give you the information you need regarding transportation. 
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